World trade Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

World trade Organization - Essay Example The organization has the primary goal of necessitating business between producers, exporters, and importers of services and goods. This paper seeks to describe a number of aspects concerning the WTO. The paper will discuss the development of the W.T.O, when it developed, and interests, which supported its development. The paper will also focus on how the organization related to changes in the transnational flows of production and investment. In addition, the paper will address this organization developed as part of the broader network of transnational institution. The paper will also focus on the impact of world trade organization’s transnational regulation on equality and democracy within domestic states. The development of the world trade organization The world trade organization came into being in 1995. After the Second World War, organizations to deal with trade, such as General Agreement on Tariffs and trade were formed. The last talks of the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs gave birth to the world trade organization. The WTO carried on with the negotiations initiated by the GATT. The world trade organization developed to end trade discrimination and enhance multilateral trade among nations. Thus, the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs contributed to the formation of the World trade organization (Aturupane 2000, p. 350). ... As a result, nations realized that GAAT did not have the appropriate answers to the complex nature of global trade. This saw the formation of the WTO following a series of negotiations referred to as Uruguay Round (UR). Interests which supported the development of WTO. Aturupane (2000, p. 351) observes that a number of interests supported the development of the World Trade Organization. These interests have to do with the improvement and enhancement of global trade within nations. One of the interests, which supported the formation of the WTO include the desire to increase trade in goods as well as services. Intellectual property rights also formed part of the reasons as to why the international organization came into being. Interests to enhance trade in agricultural goods also reinforced the formation of WTO. Other organizations such as GATT had minimal trade in agricultural goods. As a result, the World Trade Organization came into being to improve trade activities in agricultural goods. Non discrimination in trade activities also enhanced the development of WTO. Before its formation, countries saw the need to address the issue of non discriminatory trade agreements. On this regard, WTO had to be formed to eradicate discrimination in the imposition of tariffs. This could see an end to trade barriers within member states. The MFN principle ensured that WTO had the mandate to ensure eradication of trade barriers. Under this principle, a country cannot impose tariffs on other member states based on discrimination. Non discrimination became the basis of multilateral trade regimes (Janow et al 2008, p. 145). Dispute settlement can be regarded as an interest as to why the WTO came into existence. Before its development, dispute

Tax inversions, benefits and pitfalls Term Paper

Tax inversions, benefits and pitfalls - Term Paper Example This issue was put to great publicity in April 2014 and came together with the proposed merger between two companies, AstraZeneca and Pfizer. Even though multinational public corporations have recently received more press coverage on tax inversions, middle-market and private corporations can invert and realize same tax benefits. A change of the legal location of the company from the United States to another nation allows the company to benefit from certain laws in that nation. Typical benefits that make corporations in the U.S to re-incorporate in other countries include banking laws that are more flexible. In addition, they also benefit by getting friendly corporate governance rules and lower tax rates. Bermuda is one of the most common destinations for tax inversions due to several reasons. The principal driver is because Bermuda does not tax capital gains. Also, it does not have any corporate income, dividend tax or profit. Typically, shareholders of such corporations need to pay taxes from the profits realized after inversion. Worse enough, the tax inversion transaction is mostly a stock transaction where the shareholders get no money to pay taxes on their profits in the stock. In that case, inversions are a long term play for shareholders of corporations which can bear the short term tax bite. Tax inversion also leads to unemployment in the country of origin of such corporations. The tax inversions do not typically alter the structure of operation for the company. Mostly, it means adding a smaller office in the new foreign location of the company. Therefore, even though on rare occasions, tax inversions lead to unemployment. The Bush administration passed a legislation that required corporations to continue paying taxes under current rules. Under this Act, the corporate minimum tax rules would still apply. Current rules where corporations control

Australia For Convicts During The British Domain History Essay

Australia For Convicts During The British Domain History Essay Australia is located in the Southern Hemisphere, and it occupies the major part of Oceania. Now it is a powerful and very developed country, with a position at the top of all the standards of life conditions, life expectancy, economy and in all the social aspects. But back in time, before Australia started as a great power in the world, it was under the Great Britain domain. This is because Australia was first discovered and conquered by the British captain James Cook in 1770, and it automatically passed to hands of the British Government. The purpose of this research paper is to show the importance and influence that had in the development of the country convicts being there during this period, when they impulsed both the economy and the population in the Colony, making it a very important part of territory for the British Kingdom. First the country will be studied before it was discovered by the English, and also in the expeditions made by the Dutch in the XVII Century. As an important fact, the James Cooks discovery will be mentioned and how it led to the British Conquest of the territory. After the conquest, will be treated the development in economical, social and political aspects of Australia as a part of the British Kingdom. At the end, the role of the convicts and how they played a very important part in the everyday life during this period will be treated, and how this helped to keep Australia and an economical active place for the Great Britain Government to have a benefit from the Colony. Its important to mention that this paper was made to highlight a fundamental fact that changed both countries, Australia and Great Britain, in their future as nations. Both were changed, one was conquered, but at the end the two nations obtained a great benefit from that period of time. Chapter I: Discovery of Australia and First Expeditions Here we will speak about the first expeditions and how the country was found by Europeans, and finally conquered to end up as a Colony from the Great Britain Empire by James Cook. The Dutch discoveries: Australia long before it was discovered by the English was inhabited by natives that came from Asia and had been there for over 40, 000 years. But it was until 1606 when Australia was first sighed by the Dutchman William Janszoon. He was the captain of the Duyfken, a Dutch ship, and he called the new land Terra Australis Incognita, meaning Unknown Southern Land. Between 1606 and 1770, an estimated 54 European ships from a range of nations made contact. Many of these were merchant ships from the Dutch East Indies Company and included the ships of Abel Tasman. Tasman charted parts of the north, west and south coasts of Australia which was then known as New Holland. James Cook and the British Conquest. James Cook was an Englishman, captain and navigator that discovered first for Great Britain the coast of Botany Bay in Australia, near what we now know as Sydney. This discovery was made in his ship called the Endeavour. So, when he arrived to this coast he claimed that land part of the Grate Britain Kingdom, under the name of King George III, during 22 August, 1770. And to this land he called New South Wales, a part that is still now called like that in the eastern part of the mainland. Chapter II: The development of the Colony In this chapter will be explained the history of the country during the period of the Conquest. First, the history in years and facts about the Colony, and then the convicts, how they worked, why they were taken there and which were their life conditions living in Australia. From 1770 to 1850 On 18 January 1788 the First Fleet arrived at Botany Bay, which Joseph Banks had declared suitable for a penal colony after he returned from a journey there in 1770. So, here we can figure out how the development went after the Colony was discovered and declared, and, for Great Britain to end up with the overpopulation in the convict system and the new territory, that was vast, big and suitable to be populated. Then, the establishment changed place from Botany Bay to Port Jackson in 1788. Port Jackson is now one of the most important ports in the greatest city in the country, Sydney. On Sydney Cove, there was raised first the flag of the British Empire in 26 January 1788. During the first years the fleets of convicts arrived and arrived to Australia, and until 1868, 162000 convicts were transported to the island. As the Australian Government Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts explains in its article: When the last shipment of convicts disembarked in Western Australia in 1868, the total number of transported convicts stood at around 162,000 men and women. They were transported here on 806 ships. The transportation of convicts to Australia ended at a time when the colonies population stood at around one million, compared to 30,000 in 1821. By the mid-1800s there were enough people here to take on the work, and enough people who needed the work. The colonies could therefore sustain themselves and continue to grow. The convicts had served their purpose. So we can see that the Colony had in great part convicts, the ones that were transported to do the hard work and start the development in the Colony, by creating all the infrastructure and industry that the Colony needed to perform a place like giving Great Britain the support and help to perform the trips from the Dominant Power to the Colony. Characteristics of the Australian Life As we can see in the letter written by Watkin Tench when he was in the Sydney Cove, there are pretty specific characteristics given during the Conquest, in the conditions of the inhabitants: The nautical part of the work is comprized in as few pages as possible. By the professional part of my readers this will be deemed judicious; and the rest will not, I believe, be dissatisfied at its brevity. I beg leave, however, to say of the astronomical calculations, that they may be depended on with the greatest degree of security, as they were communicated by an officer, who was furnished with instruments, and commissioned by the Board of Longitude, to make observations during the voyage, and in the southern hemisphere. There was knowledge of every kind back there; the Colony had knowledge in astronomy, Aeronautics, and all the areas of knowledge. But also there is a testimony of the Convicts, especially one that wrote this: We have to work from 14-18 hours a day, sometimes up to our knees in cold water, til we are ready to sink with fatigue The inhuman driver struck one, John Smith with a heavy thong. Here we can see the enormous differences between the two extreme poles of the society. The first testimony is from a captain that arrives to the Colony and performs the writing about the aspects of sciences and technological knowledge, meanwhile the second one is from one Convict that its practically treated like a slave, and they were forced to work (as said in the quote) from 14 to 18 hours a day, from sun to sun, in impoverished conditions. Chapter III. Role of the Convicts in the Life of Australia In this final chapter the life in Australia as a Convict Colony will be explained, from the way they lived until the deep changes they caused in the natural land that existed before their arrival. And also here will be discussed their benefits through the Colony as a whole, pushing it to be one of the most important, just behind India during that period of colonization from the Great Britain Empire Life Conditions As we saw in the second chapter, life conditions for convicts and non-convicts varied a lot during the colonisation. While one part of the population was concerned about science and technology developed there, the segregated ones were bad treated and practically slaves. We can see in this quote from Short Story of Australia there are several characteristics that were given according to the status people had in that place: Convicts were allowed to marry, and were in some instances assigned as servants to their own wives. In one notorious instance a convict transported for forgery was followed out from England by his own wife, who brought with her a considerable sum of money which the authorities had reason to believe represented the proceeds of robberies. She opened a shop in Sydney, and secured her own husband as her assigned servant. 70% of the convicts there were English and Welsh, 20% Irish and 5% Scottish, and the 6% remaining were from India, Canada, China and New Zealand. In that population there were also soldiers, who were being punished for crimes like insubordination or desertion. Governor Phillip, during his period in the Colonys Government, created this law that established that convicts were going to work according their skills, and will act as brick builders, carpenters, nurses, servants, cattlemen, shepherds and farmers. But if the convicts were educated they could get a job in an administrative organism, or work as record-keepers. If the convicts were woman, it was said that they were more useful as mother and housewives, so they took care of the children and from the houses. B. Convicts Contribution to the Colony The transportation of convicts to Australia ended at a time when the colonies population stood at around one million, compared to 30,000 in 1821. By the mid-1800s there were enough people here to take on the work, and enough people who needed the work. The colonies could therefore sustain themselves and continue to grow. The convicts had served their purpose. As expressed in this quote given by the Australian Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and Arts, a great part of the development of the Colony was given because of the Convict Labour, and how the planners in Australia managed to create a country where the force was given that people that being trapped in prisons would be useless. When the convicts passed the million in number the transportation stopped and the prisoners were useless to the colonies, which were allowed to continue with their development as a colony, yes but with all the infrastructure and potential to become a great power when it obtained the freedom from the Great Britain Empire. Australia is now a country pretty developed, and that is classified as an industrialized and first world country. The transportation ended up to New South Wales (the most developed part of the Colony) in 1 October 1850, when it was abolished. The convicts had freedom after they accomplished their mission. Some of them went as far as New Zealand, because the freedom was restricted and they were not allowed to return to their home in Great Britain, but also a lot of them stayed there for a fresh start, and continued to work there, getting new jobs. Conclusion. The purpose of this research paper was to prove that Australia is a place built by people not necessarily with a good record through the justice, but also people that at the end accomplished their job, to create a great nation and let it walk with its own feet. However, we can discuss and ask ourselves: Was all the conditions that were developed in the colony were appropriate or even worth at the end? We can say that it was necessary for the convicts to suffer a punishment, but we have to consider if that was the right one, or if the government was being cruel with them, treating them like slaves, with no rights and also with very poor life conditions.

The Character of Sebastian in Shakespeares Twelfth Night: Essay

The Character of Sebastian in Shakespeare's Twelfth Night:      Ã‚  Ã‚   Sebastian's presence in William Shakespeare's Twelfth Night: or What You Will is a vexation. More pointedly, it is his sudden marriage to Olivia which troubles me so. Was he written in to give a parallel storyline between Olivia and Viola? Was he a convenient way to have a double wedding, which Shakespeare seemed to prefer for his happy endings? Or, could there be some other meaning to Sebastian?    The last day of the Christmas season is January 6, the feast of the Epiphany, when Christ was revealed to the world in the personage of the Magi. The evening before is called Twelfth Night, the most "riotous" holiday of the year for Elizabethans (Singman 61). Supposedly, the classes changed places for the day. Servants lorded over their masters; higher order clergy served the lowly priests; children were free of rules. Shakespeare wrote Twelfth Night probably in 1600, and performed it on January 6, 1601 for Queen Elizabeth and her guests, one of which was Don Virginio Orsino, Duke of Bracciano (Halliday 154). F. E. Halliday believes it possible that Shakespeare changed the name of the Duke of Illyria to Orsino in tribute to Don Orsino (155).    Twelfth Night was based on Barnabe Riche's story of Apollonius and Silla. Silla falls in love with Apollonius and follows him back to Constantinople. She is shipwrecked, and is saved by clinging to a chest containing the lecherous captain's clothing. For safety, since her servant, Pedro, has drowned, she dons the men's clothing; calls herself Silvio after her twin brother; and goes into the service of Apollonius. Apollonius asks her to woo Julina for him, but Julina falls in love with Sill... ...tic, Golden Comedies.    WORKS CITED Bloom, Harold. Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human. New York: Riverhead Books-Penguin Putnam, 1998. Halliday, F.E. Shakespeare. New York: Thomas Yoseloff, 1961. Riche, Barnabe. "Apollonius and Silla." Riche: His Farewell to  Ã‚   Military Profession. 1581. William Shakespeare: Four Comedies.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ed. David Bevington. Toronto: Bantam-Scott, Foresman and     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Company,   1988. 524-546. Shakespeare, William. The Merchant of Venice. Ed. David Bevington.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Toronto: Bantam-Scott, Foresman and Company, 1988. 283-377.   Twelfth Night. Ed. David Bennington. Toronto: Bantam-Scott, Foresman   and Company, 1998. 427-517. Singman, Jeffrey L. Daily Life in Elizabethan England. Greenwood Press.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "Daily Life Through History" series. Westport, CT: Greenwood  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Press, 1995.   

How Does John Stienbeck Create Tension in Chapter 2 Essay

Chapter two consists with George and Lennie starting work at a new farm. They meet the other ranch workers and the boss’s aggressive son Curley, and also his wife who comes into the bunk house and flirts with George an Lennie. As soon as Lennie glances at Curley’s wife, he is instantly attracted to her and George is worried by this. George makes Lennie promise to meet him by the pool if there is any trouble. For example , in weed when Lennie felt the little girls dress. Another character they meet is slim, he is in charge of the horses and also he is a man with natural authority. There are two separate styles of writing in of mice and men; descriptive style and dialogue. The dialogue in ‘Of Mice and Men’ is very realistic. Steinbeck tried to imitate the way the ranch workers spoke. He could have had George say (page35)’ I have seen women like this before, but I have never seen one as worse as a woman that has been put in jail.’ As it is , he h as George say ‘ I seen’ em poison before , but I never seen no piece of jail bait worse than her.’ The language of Steinbeck’s characters is written down in a way that allows you almost to hear the characters speaking and also their actions. Steinbeck spells words that reflects how illiterate some of the characters are. He also spells words like that, to reflect how they sound in the mouths of ordinary people not how the words appear in a dictionary. One of the techniques Steinbeck used was to leave the beginning and end off words. For example Steinbeck writes â€Å"an† for â€Å"and†, â€Å"jus† for â€Å"just†, â€Å"gonna† for â€Å"going to do something..† Steinbeck tends to start a chapter in a descriptive style, he often incorporates the natural beauty of the setting and the fertility of the land. (chapter 1) ‘ a few miles south of Soledad, the Salinas River drops in close to hillside bank.’ whereas in this chapter, a description of the bunk house is given, it lacks comfort. ‘ Inside the walls were whitewash ed and the floor unpainted.’ This is a starch contrast with the previous scene. The detailed description of the setting is always the place in which the action happens. In the novel tension is created through a series of ominous signs. I have noticed a particular order in which it is created in . Anger , then a calmer atmosphere which is then broken by anger , rage or confusion. Tension, anxiety and rage is created when Curley ( the boss’s son) enters the room. ‘he glanced coldly’ this suggests that he is unfriendly and a threat. ‘ he stiffened his fists†¦his glance was at once calculating and pugnacious.’ when Curley stiffened his firsts, this showed that he was looking for a fight , the readers already know that he is an aggressive character and confronts people with this. ‘ He hates big guys. He’s alla time picking scraps with big guys. Kind of like he’s mad at’em because he aint a big guy.’ The readers suddenly realise that there would be a future problem with Lennie and Curley, further on in the novel. Curley seems set on proving that he is a big man, in all but size. His success in the past as a boxer is an obsession, so every person Curley meets is a possible opponent. He sees life and everyone he faces as a competition. Curley’s authority on the ranch triggers tension as most of the ranch hands are frightened of him and do not want to confront him as there would be trouble. During chapter two, my sympathy fell towards the stable buck, Crook. He is a victim of racial prejudice. the way Candy gossiped about Crook to George and Lennie was unjust ,they would normally refer to Crook as ‘the nigger’. Nowadays that is a racial offence. They way Candy said that Crook has no respect he was the lowest of the low. ‘Nice fella too. Got a crooked back where a horse kicked him. The boss gives him hell when he’s mad. But the stable buck don’t give a damn about that.’ Despite Crook being discriminated against, he is a proud, independent and intelligent as he reads a lot. But none of these admirable features stop the boss from giving him ‘hell’. As he is not a respected character and he has no authority.

Short Story about Old Woman

In a large town there was an old woman who sat in the evening alone in her room thinking how she had lost first her husband, then both her children, then one by one all her relations, and at length, that very day, her last friend, and now she was quite alone and desolate. She was very sad at heart, and heaviest of all her losses to her was that of her sons; and in her pain she blamed God for it. She was still sitting lost in thought, when all at once she heard the bells ringing for early prayer. She was surprised that she had thus in her sorrow watched through the whole night, and lighted her lantern and went to church. It was already lighted up when she arrived, but not as it usually was with wax candles, but with a dim light. It was also crowded already with people, and all the seats were filled; and when the old woman got to her usual place it also was not empty, but the whole bench was entirely full. And when she looked at the people, they were none other than her dead relations who were sitting there in their old-fashioned garments, but with pale faces. They neither spoke nor sang; but a soft humming and whispering was heard all over the church. Then an aunt of hers stood up, stepped forward, and said to the poor old woman, â€Å"Look there beside the altar, and thou wilt see thy sons. † The old woman looked there, and saw her two children, one hanging on the gallows, the other bound to the wheel. Then said the aunt, â€Å"Behold, so would it have been with them if they had lived, and if the good God had not taken them to himself when they were innocent children. † The old woman went trembling home, and on her knees thanked God for having dealt with her more kindly than she had been able to understand, and on the third day she lay down and died.